We, the Columbine (Aquilegia spp.), are herbaceous perennial plants, meaning our foliage dies back to the ground in winter, but our rootstock survives to send up new growth each spring. Our life cycle is unique; we are often short-lived perennials, typically thriving for 2-4 years. However, we readily self-seed, ensuring our continued presence in your garden. Our ideal environment mimics our native woodland edges and rocky slopes. We prefer a location with partial shade, particularly in warmer climates, though we can tolerate full sun in cooler regions if kept consistently moist. Well-draining soil is absolutely non-negotiable for us. We despise having our crowns sit in waterlogged soil, which leads to fatal root rot. A soil rich in organic matter with a neutral to slightly acidic pH is where we will truly flourish.
You can introduce us to your garden through seeds or nursery-grown plants. For seeds, we require a period of cold stratification to break our dormancy. This mimics the natural winter conditions we need to germinate. Sow our seeds directly in the garden in fall or in pots placed in a refrigerator for 3-4 weeks before spring sowing. Simply press the seeds lightly into the soil, as we need light to germinate. Alternatively, plant established nursery specimens in spring or early fall. Space us 12 to 18 inches apart to allow for our mature clump size and ensure good air circulation. The easiest way we propagate is through self-sowing. If you allow our curious, bell-shaped seed pods to dry and split, we will happily scatter our offspring around the garden, creating delightful, spontaneous combinations.
Once established, we are relatively low-maintenance. Consistent moisture is key, especially during our first growing season and during periods of drought. Water us at the base to keep our foliage dry and prevent fungal diseases. A layer of organic mulch around our base helps retain soil moisture and keep our roots cool. Regarding food, we are not heavy feeders. A single application of a balanced, slow-release fertilizer or a top-dressing of compost in early spring as we emerge is sufficient to support our growth and prolific blooming. Excessive fertilizer can lead to more foliage at the expense of our beautiful, spurred flowers.
To encourage a longer blooming period and prevent us from expending energy on seed production, regularly deadhead spent flowers by cutting the stem back to a set of basal leaves. After our flowering display is completely finished, you can cut our foliage back to the ground. This often encourages a fresh flush of attractive leaves and can help deter leaf miners, our most common pest. These insects tunnel inside our leaves, creating unsightly white trails. The damage is largely cosmetic; simply remove and destroy affected leaves. We are also susceptible to powdery mildew in humid conditions, which is why good air circulation and avoiding overhead watering are so crucial.
