The term "sage" is commonly used to refer to a variety of plants, not all of which belong to the same botanical family. The primary plant of concern for pet owners is Salvia officinalis, commonly known as Common Sage, Garden Sage, or Culinary Sage. This is the widely used herb found in kitchens and herb gardens. It is a member of the Lamiaceae (mint) family. Other plants, like White Sage (Salvia apiana) used in smudging, also fall under this genus and share similar properties. It is crucial to distinguish these from unrelated plants that may share the common name "sage," such as Sagebrush (Artemisia species) which has its own set of potential toxins.
Common Sage contains essential oils and volatile compounds that are the primary source of its toxicity to pets. The two most significant groups are essential oils (specifically thujone and camphor) and terpenoids (such as cineole and borneol). In concentrated forms, like essential oils or dried herbs, these compounds are particularly potent. Thujone, in even small amounts, can adversely affect the nervous system. Camphor and cineole are known to cause gastrointestinal upset and can be central nervous system depressants or irritants. The plant's natural production of these compounds acts as a defense mechanism against herbivores and insects in its environment.
For both cats and dogs, Common Sage is generally classified by organizations like the ASPCA as mildly toxic. The plant's toxicity is dose-dependent. A tiny taste or lick from a garden plant will likely cause, at most, minor discomfort. However, ingestion of a larger quantity, especially of the more concentrated essential oil or a large portion of dried leaves, can lead to clinical signs of poisoning. The essential oils and terpenoids primarily irritate the gastrointestinal tract, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. In more severe cases involving high doses, the compounds can affect the central nervous system, potentially causing depression, tremors, or even seizures.
The concentration of the toxic compounds varies significantly across different parts of the plant and its preparations. Fresh leaves from a garden plant have a lower concentration of essential oils compared to the dried herb, which is more potent. The highest and most dangerous concentration is found in Sage essential oil, which is absolutely unsafe for pets and should never be used around them or applied to their skin. A dog nibbling on a few fresh leaves in the garden is at a much lower risk than a cat that ingests a spill of pure essential oil. The method of the plant's cultivation can also influence its chemical profile, but the presence of the core irritating compounds remains.
If you suspect your pet has ingested a significant amount of sage, particularly in a concentrated form, monitoring them closely is essential. Remove access to the plant immediately. Provide fresh water to help dilute any irritants. The primary concern is gastrointestinal upset. However, if your pet exhibits vomiting more than once or twice, has severe diarrhea, shows signs of lethargy, or any neurological symptoms like tremors, you must contact your veterinarian or an animal poison control center immediately. It is always best to err on the side of caution and seek professional advice, providing details on the amount and type of plant ingested.
