Peonies (genus Paeonia) are often listed as deer-resistant plants, but this classification is not absolute. The term "deer-resistant" is more accurately described as "deer-tolerant" or "deer-deterrent," as a hungry deer will eat almost any plant. However, peonies possess several physical and chemical traits that make them significantly less palatable than many other garden favorites. Their primary defense lies in their toxicity. Peonies contain paeonol, a compound found particularly in the bark of the roots but also present in other parts of the plant, which is toxic to many animals, including deer. This gives the plant an unpleasant, bitter taste that deer generally avoid when other, more appetizing forage is available.
Beyond their chemical defenses, peonies have physical attributes that discourage deer browsing. The texture of their stems and leaves can be a deterrent. While not as tough or woody as a shrub, the foliage is not as tender and succulent as that of hostas or daylilies, which are prime deer targets. Furthermore, the structure of the peony plant itself—with its dense, bushy form and sometimes leathery leaves—is less appealing. Most notably, the large, often heavy, double flowers can be cumbersome and unappetizing for a deer to navigate through to get to the foliage. These combined physical factors contribute to their status as a lower-preference plant in the deer diet.
A peony's level of resistance can fluctuate throughout the growing season. The risk of deer damage is arguably highest in early spring when the plant is first emerging. The tender, red shoots pushing through the soil are succulent and may be nibbled by deer when other food sources are still scarce. Once the plant matures and the toxic compounds and tougher foliage develop, it becomes far less attractive. It is also important to note that while deer typically avoid the foliage and stems, they might still occasionally sample a flower bud or bloom out of curiosity, though they rarely consume the entire plant as they might with a preferred species.
When placed within the context of an American garden, peonies are a much safer bet than many other perennial staples. Plants like hostas, tulips, roses, daylilies, and hibiscus are like candy to deer and will be actively sought out. In contrast, peonies are seldom a first-choice food. Gardeners often plant them alongside other resistant plants like lavender, salvia, catmint, and daffodils (which are also toxic) to create a more resilient landscape. However, it is crucial to remember that local deer populations have individual tastes and pressures; a herd experiencing extreme hunger or overpopulation may sample plants they would normally avoid, including peonies.
