Gladiolus, a genus of perennial flowering plants belonging to the Iridaceae family, is indeed considered toxic to both cats and dogs. The primary toxic principles are concentrated in the plant's corms (the bulb-like underground storage organs) but are also present throughout the entire plant, including the stems, leaves, and flowers. The compounds of concern are primarily glycosides, including iridin, and other irritants such as oxalic acid. When ingested by a pet, these substances can cause significant irritation to the gastrointestinal tract and other systemic issues.
The plant's natural defense mechanisms, which include these irritating compounds, are designed to deter herbivores from consuming them. For our domestic pets, however, this translates into a potential poisoning risk. The glycosides have a direct irritant effect on the soft tissues of the mouth and the entire digestive system. If a cat or dog chews on or ingests any part of a Gladiolus plant, they may exhibit symptoms such as excessive drooling (hypersalivation), vomiting (which may include pieces of the plant), diarrhea, lethargy, and abdominal pain or discomfort. In more severe cases of ingestion, particularly of the corms which have the highest concentration of toxins, symptoms can escalate to include depression and even abnormal heart rhythms.
While all parts of the Gladiolus plant contain the irritating compounds, the corm presents the greatest danger. This is for two main reasons: it contains the highest concentration of toxins, and its underground location can make it accessible to dogs that like to dig. When gardeners dig up corms for winter storage or to replant, curious pets may find them and mistake them for a toy or a treat. Ingestion of even a small piece of corm can lead to a more severe reaction compared to nibbling on a leaf or flower. Therefore, extra caution must be taken during planting, digging, and storing these bulbs to ensure they are completely inaccessible to pets.
If you suspect your pet has ingested any part of a Gladiolus, it is crucial to act promptly. Remove any plant material from your pet's mouth if it is safe to do so. Immediately contact your veterinarian or an emergency animal poison control center for advice. Be prepared to provide information such as what part of the plant was consumed, approximately how much, and when the ingestion occurred. Do not induce vomiting unless specifically instructed to do so by a veterinary professional, as this can sometimes cause more harm. Treatment is typically supportive and may include anti-vomiting medication, intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration, and gastrointestinal protectants.
