Peonies (Paeonia spp.) and ants share a symbiotic relationship often misunderstood by gardeners. Ants are attracted to the sugary nectar secreted by peony buds, known as extrafloral nectaries. This nectar is not essential for the plant's pollination but serves as a defense mechanism. Ants protect peonies from harmful pests like aphids and caterpillars in exchange for this food source. Contrary to myths, ants do not harm peonies or aid in blooming—they are merely opportunistic visitors.
A common myth suggests that peonies need ants to "tickle" their buds open. This is false. Peonies bloom naturally, and ants are incidental to the process. The presence or absence of ants has no impact on flower development. The myth likely arose from observing ants crawling on buds, but their activity is unrelated to the plant's physiological blooming mechanism.
While ants don't damage peonies, their presence can be undesirable for cut flowers or garden aesthetics. Ants may crawl into homes when peonies are brought indoors. To minimize this, gently shake or rinse buds before arranging. Avoid chemical pesticides, as they disrupt the plant's ecosystem and harm beneficial insects. Physical removal is the safest method for both the plant and environment.
Another misconception is that peonies rely on ants for survival. In reality, peonies are hardy perennials that thrive independently. Ants provide incidental pest control but are not essential. Healthy peonies grown in well-drained soil with proper sunlight and nutrients will flourish regardless of ant presence. Overemphasis on ants distracts from addressing actual plant needs like soil quality and watering practices.
To deter ants without harming peonies, focus on cultural practices:
Many assume insecticides are effective for ant control, but they often harm peonies and beneficial organisms. Peonies are sensitive to chemicals, which can cause leaf burn or reduce flowering. Instead, opt for organic solutions like diatomaceous earth (applied to the soil, not buds) or soapy water sprays to deter ants without collateral damage.
Peonies secrete nectar primarily during bud formation. Once flowers open, ant attraction diminishes naturally. Gardeners concerned about ants should tolerate them temporarily, as their presence is short-lived. Post-bloom, ants typically disperse, making aggressive prevention unnecessary.
Not all peonies produce the same amount of extrafloral nectar. Some hybrids or species may attract fewer ants due to lower nectar secretion. Researching low-nectar cultivars, such as certain tree peonies (Paeonia suffruticosa), can reduce ant visits if they are a significant concern.
Strong, well-maintained peonies are less susceptible to pest imbalances. Ensure:
