Bougainvillea thrives in containers that provide ample space for root growth. Select a pot that is at least 12-18 inches in diameter and has drainage holes to prevent waterlogging. Terra cotta or ceramic pots are ideal as they allow the soil to breathe, reducing the risk of root rot. Ensure the container is sturdy enough to support the plant's vigorous growth and weight, especially when it becomes top-heavy with blooms.
Bougainvillea prefers well-draining, slightly acidic soil with a pH of 5.5 to 6.5. A mix of equal parts potting soil, perlite, and coarse sand works well to ensure proper drainage. Avoid heavy or clay-based soils, as they retain too much moisture and can suffocate the roots. Adding organic matter like compost can improve soil fertility, but avoid over-enriching the soil, as bougainvillea blooms best in slightly nutrient-poor conditions.
When planting, gently remove the bougainvillea from its nursery pot and loosen the roots if they are tightly bound. Place the plant in the center of the container and fill around it with the prepared soil mix, leaving about an inch of space below the rim for watering. Firm the soil lightly to eliminate air pockets. Water thoroughly after planting to help the roots settle, but avoid soaking the soil excessively.
Bougainvillea is a sun-loving plant and requires at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily to produce vibrant blooms. Place the container in a south or west-facing location where it can receive maximum sunlight. Inadequate light will result in sparse foliage and fewer flowers. If growing indoors, place the plant near a sunny window or supplement with grow lights to mimic natural sunlight.
Bougainvillea is drought-tolerant and prefers to dry out between waterings. Overwatering can lead to root rot and reduced flowering. Water deeply when the top 1-2 inches of soil feel dry, but allow excess water to drain away. Reduce watering frequency during cooler months when the plant's growth slows. Avoid wetting the foliage, as this can promote fungal diseases.
Feed bougainvillea with a balanced, slow-release fertilizer (e.g., 10-10-10) every 4-6 weeks during the growing season (spring to early fall). Alternatively, use a high-phosphorus fertilizer (e.g., 5-10-5) to encourage blooming. Avoid excessive nitrogen, as it promotes leafy growth at the expense of flowers. Stop fertilizing in late fall and winter to allow the plant to rest.
Regular pruning helps maintain the plant's shape and encourages more blooms. Prune after each flowering cycle, cutting back long shoots by one-third to promote bushier growth. Remove dead or weak branches to improve air circulation. Bougainvillea can also be trained as a standard, espalier, or allowed to cascade over the edges of the container for a dramatic effect.
Bougainvillea is relatively pest-resistant but may occasionally attract aphids, mealybugs, or spider mites. Treat infestations with insecticidal soap or neem oil. Fungal diseases like leaf spot or powdery mildew can occur in humid conditions; ensure proper spacing and avoid overhead watering to prevent these issues. Remove affected leaves promptly to stop the spread.
In colder climates (below USDA Zone 9), bring the container indoors before the first frost. Place it in a bright, cool (50-60°F) location and reduce watering. Avoid placing the plant near heaters or drafts. Prune lightly in late winter to prepare for spring growth. Once temperatures rise above 50°F consistently, gradually reintroduce the plant to outdoor conditions.
Bougainvillea grows quickly and may become root-bound every 2-3 years. Repot in early spring before new growth begins. Choose a container one size larger and refresh the soil mix. Trim any circling roots to encourage healthy growth. After repotting, water lightly and avoid fertilizing for a few weeks to allow the plant to adjust.
