Daffodils and jonquils are both members of the Narcissus genus, which belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family. While they share many similarities, they are distinct in terms of botanical classification, physical characteristics, and growing habits. In the US, the terms are often used interchangeably, but botanically, they refer to specific subgroups within the Narcissus genus.
Daffodils (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) are a broad category encompassing many species and hybrids. They are typically classified into 13 divisions by the American Daffodil Society, based on flower form and genetics. Jonquils, on the other hand, refer specifically to Narcissus jonquilla and its hybrids (Division 7). Jonquils are a subset of daffodils, meaning all jonquils are daffodils, but not all daffodils are jonquils.
Daffodils usually have larger, trumpet-shaped flowers with a central corona surrounded by six petals (perianth segments). Jonquils, however, often feature smaller, clustered flowers with shorter coronas and a more rounded shape. Jonquil flowers are typically fragrant, while many daffodil varieties lack a strong scent.
Jonquils are distinguished by their dark green, rush-like leaves that are cylindrical and hollow. Daffodils, in contrast, usually have flat, strap-shaped leaves. This difference in foliage is a key identifier for gardeners and botanists.
Jonquil stems are slender and often bear multiple flowers per stem (up to 5), whereas daffodils typically produce a single flower per stem, though some varieties may have two or three.
Jonquils are more heat-tolerant and thrive in warmer climates, such as the southern US. Daffodils, particularly the classic trumpet varieties, prefer cooler temperatures and are commonly grown in northern states.
Jonquils tend to bloom later in the spring compared to many daffodil varieties. Their flowering period often overlaps with mid to late spring, while daffodils may appear as early as late winter.
In the US, the term "daffodil" is often used as a catch-all for all Narcissus species, while "jonquil" is sometimes incorrectly applied to any fragrant or multi-flowered variety. Botanically, this is inaccurate, as true jonquils must belong to the Narcissus jonquilla group with specific traits like cylindrical leaves and clustered blooms.
Daffodils are widely planted for their early spring color and naturalizing ability, while jonquils are prized for their fragrance and suitability in warmer regions. Both are popular in gardens, but jonquils are less commonly found in commercial landscapes compared to the more ubiquitous daffodil varieties.
